Post by Admin on Jun 6, 2015 20:56:57 GMT
I am not promoting use of this: only offering incomplete Public Awareness of Various Mental Sciences. If you can identify it, you can stop it and prevent it from happening to yourself and those you know now and in the future. Ignorance is denial of reality; sometimes called "Dreamland". Remember what organization it is that knows so much about Psychology, but downplays it as a "fraudulent" science? It's not. It's very real, and very helpful in the hands of the correct professionals.
<Font Color=SeaBlue>Behavioral Psychology:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism
Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a behavioral approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. It emerged methodologically in the early twentieth century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods.
The primary tenet of methodological behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson and others, is that psychology should have only concerned itself with observable events. There has been a drastic shift in behaviorist philosophies throughout the 1940s and 1950s and again since the 1980s. Radical behaviorism is the conceptual piece purposed by B. F. Skinner that acknowledges the presence of private events—including cognition and emotions—but does not actually prompt that behavior to take place.
In the second half of the 20th century, behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution which is when cognitive-behavioral therapy—that has demonstrable utility in treating certain pathologies, such as simple phobias, PTSD, and addiction—evolved. The application of behaviorism, known as applied behavior analysis, is employed for numerous circumstances, including organizational behavior management and fostering diet and fitness, to the treatment of mental disorders, such as autism and substance abuse. In addition, while behaviorism and cognitive schools of psychological thought may not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in practical therapeutic applications, such as in clinical behavior analysis.
Operant Conditioning: research conducted by B.F. Skinner
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
(which uses antecedents and consequences to change behavior) and emphasized observing private events (see Radical behaviorism). Operant conditions are simple to understand, after trial and error Learning is achieved. A reward for overcoming an obstacle can give the inner motivation needed to continue with success.
Operant conditioning separates itself from classical conditioning because it is highly complex, integrating positive and negative conditioning into its practices; whereas, classical conditioning focuses only on either positive or negative conditioning but not both together. Another dubbing of operant conditioning is instrumental learning. Instrumental conditioning was first discovered and published by Jerzy Konorski and was also referred to as Type II reflexes. Mechanisms of instrumental conditioning suggest that the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. The expressions “operant behavior” and “respondent behavior" were popularized by B.F. Skinner who worked on reproduction of Konorski’s experiments. Operant behavior means that “a response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus”.
Radical behaviorism, or the conceptual analysis of behavior,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_behaviorism
pioneered by B. F. Skinner and is his "philosophy of the science of behavior." It refers to the school of psychology known as behavior analysis, and is distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thoughts, emotions, and other internal mental activity in the analysis and theorizing of human and animal psychology. The research in radical behaviorism is called the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of this field is called applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Classical conditioning:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning
classical conditioning— depends on stimulus procedures to establish reflexes and respondent behaviors.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov: (26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov
Pavlov's Dog:
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a process of behavior analysis in which an innate response to a potent biological stimulus becomes expressed in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the potent biological stimulus that elicits the desired response. Classical conditioning was made famous by Ivan Pavlov and his experiments conducted with dogs. Classical conditioning became the basis for a theory of how organisms learn, and a philosophy of psychology developed by John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and others. Learning theory grew into the foundation of Behaviorism, or Behavioral Psychology, a school of psychology that had great societal influence in the mid-20th century. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions.
Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research".[1] Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science.[2] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation.[3] He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904,[1][4] becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate.
Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing The Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.[22] These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting fistulas between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system.
Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic,
updating the names to:
"the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type."
Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.[23] This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference. .. was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."[24]
The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" (or in his own words the conditional reflex) he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Filippovitch Tolochinov in 1901. He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned that when a buzzer or metronome was sounded in subsequent time with food being presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog would initially salivate when the food was presented. The dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of that stimulus.[25] Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in Helsinki in 1903.[26] Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, where he read a paper titled The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals.[3]
As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, behaviorism. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence to how humans perceive themselves, their behavior and learning processes and his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern behavior therapy.[27] The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind.[28]
Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.
It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell. In 1994, Catania cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments.[29] Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the University of Georgia, however, claimed to have found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument".[30] In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing .. and correct".[31]
In 1964 the eminent psychologist H. J. Eysenck reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for the British Medical Journal: Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry".[32]
The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.[33]
See also
Portal icon Biography portal
Portal icon Psychology portal
Behavior modification
Classical conditioning
Orienting response
Pavlovian session
Ryazan
Rostov State Medical University
Georgii Zeliony
Pavlov's typology
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cavendish, Richard. (2011). "Death of Ivan Pavlov". History Today 61 (2): 9.
Jump up ^ Anrep, G. V. (1936). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849-1936". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (5): 1–0. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001. JSTOR 769124. edit
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov". Nobelmedia. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ The memorial estate About the house
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J. and Conroy, Wendy A., ed. (2002). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov". Biographical Dictionary of Psychology. Routledge. ISBN 0415285615.
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 8
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 9
Jump up ^ Asratyan, pp. 9–11
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 12
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 13
Jump up ^ [1], nobelprize.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Asratyan, pp. 17–18
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov. nobelprize.org
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 18
Jump up ^ Reagan, Leslie A. et al., eds. (2007). Medicine's moving pictures. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 285. ISBN 1-58046-234-0.
Jump up ^ Morgulis, S. (1921). "PROFESSOR PAVLOV". Science 53 (1360): 74. Bibcode:1921Sci....53Q..74M. doi:10.1126/science.53.1360.74.
Jump up ^ Lenin, V.I. (24 January 1921). "Concerning The Conditions Ensuring The Research Work Of Academician I. P. Pavlov and his associates". Marxists.org.
Jump up ^ "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov :: Opposition to Communism – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 February 1936. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Chance, Paul (1988). Learning and Behaviour. Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 0-534-08508-3. p. 48.
Jump up ^ Babkin, B.P. (1949). Pavlov, A Biography. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–54. ISBN 1406743976.
Jump up ^ "1904 Nobel prize laureates". Nobelprize.org. 10 December 1904. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Mazlish, Bruce (1995) Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines, Yale University Press, pp. 122–123 ISBN 0-300-06512-4
Jump up ^ Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I & Popov, Y. (1963) Psychopathology and Psychiatry, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.
Jump up ^ Todes, Daniel Philip (2002). Pavlov's Physiology Factory. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 232 ff. ISBN 0-8018-6690-1.
Jump up ^ Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press. p. 142.
Jump up ^ Plaud, J. J.; Wolpe, J. (1997). "Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious". American Psychologist 52 (9): 966–972. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966. PMID 9382243.
Jump up ^ Russell, Bertrand (1931) The Scientific Outlook, London: George Allen & Unwin.
Jump up ^ Catania, A. Charles (1994); Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?, PSYCOLOQUY Newsletter, Tuesday, 7 June 1994
Jump up ^ Thomas, Roger K. (1994). "Pavlov's dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell"". Psycoloquy 5 (80).
Jump up ^ Littman, Richard A. (1994). "Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell". Psycoloquy 5 (49).
Jump up ^ Eysenck, H. J. (1964). "Pavlov's Writings". BMJ 2 (5401): 111. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5401.111-b.
Jump up ^ Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. infran.ru
Sources
Asratyan, E. A. (1953). I.P. Pavlov: His Life and Work. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Further reading[edit]
Boakes, Robert (1984). From Darwin to behaviourism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23512-9.
Firkin, Barry G.; J.A. Whitworth (1987). Dictionary of Medical Eponyms. Parthenon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85070-333-4.
Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory". Isis (The History of Science Society) 88 (2): 205–246. doi:10.1086/383690. JSTOR 236572.
External links
Library resources about
Ivan Pavlov
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Ivan Pavlov
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Pavlov.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ivan Pavlov
PBS article
Nobel Prize website biography of I. P. Pavlov
Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov
Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures
Commentary on Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes from 50 Psychology Classics
Ivan Pavlov and his dogs
<Font Color=SeaBlue>Behavioral Psychology:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism
Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a behavioral approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. It emerged methodologically in the early twentieth century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods.
The primary tenet of methodological behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson and others, is that psychology should have only concerned itself with observable events. There has been a drastic shift in behaviorist philosophies throughout the 1940s and 1950s and again since the 1980s. Radical behaviorism is the conceptual piece purposed by B. F. Skinner that acknowledges the presence of private events—including cognition and emotions—but does not actually prompt that behavior to take place.
In the second half of the 20th century, behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution which is when cognitive-behavioral therapy—that has demonstrable utility in treating certain pathologies, such as simple phobias, PTSD, and addiction—evolved. The application of behaviorism, known as applied behavior analysis, is employed for numerous circumstances, including organizational behavior management and fostering diet and fitness, to the treatment of mental disorders, such as autism and substance abuse. In addition, while behaviorism and cognitive schools of psychological thought may not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in practical therapeutic applications, such as in clinical behavior analysis.
Operant Conditioning: research conducted by B.F. Skinner
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
(which uses antecedents and consequences to change behavior) and emphasized observing private events (see Radical behaviorism). Operant conditions are simple to understand, after trial and error Learning is achieved. A reward for overcoming an obstacle can give the inner motivation needed to continue with success.
Operant conditioning separates itself from classical conditioning because it is highly complex, integrating positive and negative conditioning into its practices; whereas, classical conditioning focuses only on either positive or negative conditioning but not both together. Another dubbing of operant conditioning is instrumental learning. Instrumental conditioning was first discovered and published by Jerzy Konorski and was also referred to as Type II reflexes. Mechanisms of instrumental conditioning suggest that the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. The expressions “operant behavior” and “respondent behavior" were popularized by B.F. Skinner who worked on reproduction of Konorski’s experiments. Operant behavior means that “a response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus”.
Radical behaviorism, or the conceptual analysis of behavior,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_behaviorism
pioneered by B. F. Skinner and is his "philosophy of the science of behavior." It refers to the school of psychology known as behavior analysis, and is distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thoughts, emotions, and other internal mental activity in the analysis and theorizing of human and animal psychology. The research in radical behaviorism is called the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of this field is called applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Classical conditioning:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning
classical conditioning— depends on stimulus procedures to establish reflexes and respondent behaviors.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov: (26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov
Pavlov's Dog:
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a process of behavior analysis in which an innate response to a potent biological stimulus becomes expressed in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the potent biological stimulus that elicits the desired response. Classical conditioning was made famous by Ivan Pavlov and his experiments conducted with dogs. Classical conditioning became the basis for a theory of how organisms learn, and a philosophy of psychology developed by John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and others. Learning theory grew into the foundation of Behaviorism, or Behavioral Psychology, a school of psychology that had great societal influence in the mid-20th century. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions.
Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research".[1] Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science.[2] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation.[3] He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904,[1][4] becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate.
Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing The Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.[22] These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting fistulas between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system.
Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic,
updating the names to:
"the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type."
Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.[23] This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference. .. was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."[24]
The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" (or in his own words the conditional reflex) he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Filippovitch Tolochinov in 1901. He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned that when a buzzer or metronome was sounded in subsequent time with food being presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog would initially salivate when the food was presented. The dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of that stimulus.[25] Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in Helsinki in 1903.[26] Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, where he read a paper titled The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals.[3]
As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, behaviorism. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence to how humans perceive themselves, their behavior and learning processes and his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern behavior therapy.[27] The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind.[28]
Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.
It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell. In 1994, Catania cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments.[29] Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the University of Georgia, however, claimed to have found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument".[30] In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing .. and correct".[31]
In 1964 the eminent psychologist H. J. Eysenck reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for the British Medical Journal: Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry".[32]
The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.[33]
See also
Portal icon Biography portal
Portal icon Psychology portal
Behavior modification
Classical conditioning
Orienting response
Pavlovian session
Ryazan
Rostov State Medical University
Georgii Zeliony
Pavlov's typology
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cavendish, Richard. (2011). "Death of Ivan Pavlov". History Today 61 (2): 9.
Jump up ^ Anrep, G. V. (1936). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849-1936". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (5): 1–0. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001. JSTOR 769124. edit
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov". Nobelmedia. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ The memorial estate About the house
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J. and Conroy, Wendy A., ed. (2002). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov". Biographical Dictionary of Psychology. Routledge. ISBN 0415285615.
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 8
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 9
Jump up ^ Asratyan, pp. 9–11
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 12
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 13
Jump up ^ [1], nobelprize.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Asratyan, pp. 17–18
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov. nobelprize.org
Jump up ^ Asratyan, p. 18
Jump up ^ Reagan, Leslie A. et al., eds. (2007). Medicine's moving pictures. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 285. ISBN 1-58046-234-0.
Jump up ^ Morgulis, S. (1921). "PROFESSOR PAVLOV". Science 53 (1360): 74. Bibcode:1921Sci....53Q..74M. doi:10.1126/science.53.1360.74.
Jump up ^ Lenin, V.I. (24 January 1921). "Concerning The Conditions Ensuring The Research Work Of Academician I. P. Pavlov and his associates". Marxists.org.
Jump up ^ "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov :: Opposition to Communism – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 February 1936. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Chance, Paul (1988). Learning and Behaviour. Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 0-534-08508-3. p. 48.
Jump up ^ Babkin, B.P. (1949). Pavlov, A Biography. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–54. ISBN 1406743976.
Jump up ^ "1904 Nobel prize laureates". Nobelprize.org. 10 December 1904. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Mazlish, Bruce (1995) Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines, Yale University Press, pp. 122–123 ISBN 0-300-06512-4
Jump up ^ Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I & Popov, Y. (1963) Psychopathology and Psychiatry, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.
Jump up ^ Todes, Daniel Philip (2002). Pavlov's Physiology Factory. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 232 ff. ISBN 0-8018-6690-1.
Jump up ^ Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press. p. 142.
Jump up ^ Plaud, J. J.; Wolpe, J. (1997). "Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious". American Psychologist 52 (9): 966–972. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966. PMID 9382243.
Jump up ^ Russell, Bertrand (1931) The Scientific Outlook, London: George Allen & Unwin.
Jump up ^ Catania, A. Charles (1994); Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?, PSYCOLOQUY Newsletter, Tuesday, 7 June 1994
Jump up ^ Thomas, Roger K. (1994). "Pavlov's dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell"". Psycoloquy 5 (80).
Jump up ^ Littman, Richard A. (1994). "Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell". Psycoloquy 5 (49).
Jump up ^ Eysenck, H. J. (1964). "Pavlov's Writings". BMJ 2 (5401): 111. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5401.111-b.
Jump up ^ Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. infran.ru
Sources
Asratyan, E. A. (1953). I.P. Pavlov: His Life and Work. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Further reading[edit]
Boakes, Robert (1984). From Darwin to behaviourism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23512-9.
Firkin, Barry G.; J.A. Whitworth (1987). Dictionary of Medical Eponyms. Parthenon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85070-333-4.
Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory". Isis (The History of Science Society) 88 (2): 205–246. doi:10.1086/383690. JSTOR 236572.
External links
Library resources about
Ivan Pavlov
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Ivan Pavlov
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Pavlov.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ivan Pavlov
PBS article
Nobel Prize website biography of I. P. Pavlov
Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov
Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures
Commentary on Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes from 50 Psychology Classics
Ivan Pavlov and his dogs